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<title>Support group</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Support group</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Peer_support" title="Peer support">Peer support</a></div>

<p>

In a <b>support group</b>, members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular shared, usually burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come together for sharing coping strategies, to feel more empowered and for a sense of community. The help may take the form of providing and evaluating relevant information, relating personal experiences, listening to and accepting others' experiences, providing sympathetic understanding and establishing <a href="Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>. A support group may also work to inform the public or engage in advocacy.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Formal support groups may appear to be a modern phenomenon, but they supplement traditional <a href="Fraternal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal organization">fraternal organizations</a> such as <a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> in some respects, and may build on certain supportive functions (formerly) carried out in (extended) <a href="Family" title="Family">families</a>.

</p><p>Other types of groups formed to support causes, including causes outside of themselves, are more often called <i><a href="Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">advocacy groups</a></i>, <i>interest groups</i>, <i>lobby groups</i>, <i>pressure groups</i> or <i>promotional groups</i>. <a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a> and many environmental groups, for example, are interest groups. The term <i>support group</i> in this article refers to peer-to-peer support.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintaining_contact">Maintaining contact</h2></div>

<p>Support groups maintain interpersonal contact among their members in a variety of ways. Traditionally, groups meet in person in sizes that allow conversational interaction. Support groups also maintain contact through printed newsletters, telephone chains, internet forums, and mailing lists. Some support groups are exclusively <a href="On-line_and_off-line" class="mw-redirect" title="On-line and off-line">online</a> (see below).

</p><p>Membership in some support groups is formally controlled, with admission requirements and membership fees. Other groups are "open" and allow anyone to attend an advertised meeting, for example, or to participate in an online forum.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_by_peers_or_professionals">Management by peers or professionals</h2></div>

<p>A <b>self-help support group</b> is fully organized and managed by its members, who are commonly volunteers and have personal experience in the subject of the group's focus. These groups may also be referred to as <i>fellowships</i>, <i>peer support groups</i>, <i>lay organizations</i>, <i>mutual help groups</i>, or <i>mutual aid self-help groups</i>. Most common are 12-step groups such as <a href="Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> and <a href="Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">self-help groups for mental health</a>.

</p><p><b>Professionally operated support groups</b> are facilitated by professionals who most often do not share the problem of the members,<sup id="cite_ref-APA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as social workers, psychologists, or members of the clergy. The facilitator controls discussions and provides other managerial service. Such professionally operated groups are often found in institutional settings, including <a href="Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, <a href="Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug-treatment centers</a> and <a href="Prison" title="Prison">correctional facilities</a>. These types of support groups may run for a specified period of time, and an attendance fee is sometimes charged.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>In the case of a <a href="Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, an <a href="Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a> or a pre-disposition, for example, a support group will provide information, act as a clearing-house for experiences, and may serve as a <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> voice for affected people, other members, and their families. Groups for high IQ or <a href="LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQIA+</a> individuals, for example, differ in their inclusivity, but both connect people on the basis of identity or pre-disposition.

</p><p>For more temporary concerns, such as bereavement or episodic medical conditions, a support group may veer more towards helping those involved to overcome or push through their condition/experience.

</p><p>Some support groups and conditions for which such groups may be formed are:

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<ul><li><a href="Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Alzheimer's_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a></li>

<li><a href="Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">Brain attack</a> or <a href="Brain_injury" title="Brain injury">Brain trauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancer_support_group" title="Cancer support group">Cancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Circadian_rhythm_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian rhythm disorder">Circadian rhythm disorders</a>, e.g. <a href="DSPD" class="mw-redirect" title="DSPD">DSPD</a>, <a href="Non-24-hour_sleep-wake_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder">Non-24</a></li>

<li><a href="Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Debtors_Anonymous" title="Debtors Anonymous">Debtors Anonymous</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li>Families of addicts & alcoholics</li>

<li><a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamblers_Anonymous" title="Gamblers Anonymous">Gamblers Anonymous</a></li>

<li><a href="Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li>

<li><a href="Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">Irritable bowel syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Health">Mental Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkinson's_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_burning_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Red burning skin">Red Skin Syndrome/Topical Steroid Addiction and Withdrawal</a></li>

<li><a href="Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">Sexual abuse survivors</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_Prevention_Action_Network_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide Prevention Action Network USA">Suicide prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_support_groups">Online support groups</h2></div>

<p>Since at least 1982, the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has provided a venue for support groups. Discussing online self-help support groups as the precursor to e-therapy, Martha Ainsworth notes that "the enduring success of these groups has firmly established the potential of computer-mediated communication to enable discussion of sensitive personal issues."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In one study of the effectiveness of online support groups among patients with head and neck cancer, longer participation in online support groups were found to result in a better health-related quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appropriate_groups_still_difficult_to_find">Appropriate groups still difficult to find</h3></div>

<p>A researcher from <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> says the lack of qualitative directories, and the fact that many support groups are not listed by search engines can make finding an appropriate group difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Potts_2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, he does say that the medical community needs "to understand the use of personal experiences rather than an evidence-based approach... these groups also impact on how individuals <i>use</i> information. They can help people learn how to find and use information: for example, users swap Web sites and <i>discuss</i> Web sites."

</p><p>It is not difficult to find an online support group, but it is hard to find a good one. In the article <i>What to Look for in Quality Online Support Groups</i>, John M. Grohol gives tips for evaluating online groups and states: "In good online support groups, members stick around long after they've received the support they were seeking. They stay because they want to give others what they themselves found in the group. Psychologists call this <i>high group cohesion</i>, and it is the pinnacle of group achievement."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_and_pitfalls">Benefits and pitfalls</h3></div>

<p>Several studies have shown the importance of the Internet in providing social support, particularly to groups with chronic health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in cases of uncommon ailments, a sense of community and understanding in spite of great geographical distances can be important, in addition to sharing of knowledge.

</p><p>Online support groups, online communities for those affected by a common problem, give mutual support and provide information, two often inseparable features. They are, according to Henry Potts of University College London, "an overlooked resource for patients." Many studies have looked at the <i>content of messages</i>, while what matters is the effect that <i>participation</i> in the group has on the individual. Potts complains that research on these groups has lagged behind, particularly on the groups which are set up by the people with the problems, rather than by researchers and healthcare professionals. User-defined groups can share the sort of practical knowledge that healthcare professionals can overlook, and they also impact on how individuals find, interpret and use information.<sup id="cite_ref-Potts_2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are many benefits to online support groups that have been found through research studies. Although online support group users are not required to be anonymous, a study conducted by Baym (2010) finds that anonymity is beneficial to those who are lonely or anxious. This does not pertain to some people seeking support groups, because not all are lonely and/or anxious, but for those who are, online support groups are a great outlet where one can feel comfortable honestly expressing themselves because the other users do not know who they are.

</p><p>A study was conducted by Walther and Boyd (2000) and they found a common trend to why people find online support groups appealing. First, the social distance between members online reduced embarrassment and they appreciated the greater range of expertise offered in the larger online social network. Next, they found that anonymity increased one's confidence in providing support to others and decreased embarrassment. The users of the social support websites were more comfortable being able to reread and edit their comments and discussion forum entries before sending them, and they have access to the website any time during the day. Each of these characteristics of online support groups are not offered when going to an in-person support group.

</p><p>In a study conducted by Gunther Eysenbach, John Powell, Marina Englesakis, Carlos Rizo, and Anita Stern (2004), the researchers found it difficult to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of online peer-to-peer support groups. In online support groups, people must have the desire to support and help each other, and many times participants go on the sites in order to get help themselves or are limited to a certain subgroup.

</p><p>An additional benefit to online support groups is that participation is asynchronous. This means that it is not necessary for all participants to be logged into the forum simultaneously in order to communicate. An experience or question can be posted and others can answer questions or comment on posts whenever they are logged in and have an appropriate response. This characteristic allows for participation and mass communication without having to worry about time constraints. Additionally, there are 24-hour chat rooms and spaces for focused conversation at all times of the day or night. This allows users to get the support they need whenever they need it, while remaining comfortable and, if they so wish, anonymous.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3></div>

<p>Although there has been relatively little research on the effectiveness of online support groups in mental health,<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is some evidence that online support groups can be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large randomised controlled trials have both found positive effects<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and failed to find positive effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">Self-help groups for mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Twelve-Step_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Twelve-Step groups">List of Twelve-Step groups</a></li>

<li>Category:Online support groups</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-APA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>APA Dictionary of Psychology</i>, 1st ed., Gary R. VandenBos, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein,_D._&_Yopp,_J.2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosenstein, D. & Yopp, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXI8DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Group: Seven Widowed Fathers Reimagine Life</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-190-64956-2</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth, Martha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metanoia.org/imhs/history.htm">"E-Therapy: History and Survey"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlgtewiOwensBaker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Algtewi, Eamar; Owens, Janine; Baker, Sarah R. (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548849">"Online support groups for head and neck cancer and health-related quality of life"</a>. <i>Quality of Life Research</i>. <b>26</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">2351–</span>2362. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11136-017-1575-8">10.1007/s11136-017-1575-8</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-9343">0962-9343</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548849">5548849</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28417218">28417218</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Potts_2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potts_2005_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potts_2005_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPotts" class="citation journal cs1">Potts HW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309233843/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00001406/01/Online_support_groups.pdf">"Online support groups: An overlooked resource for patients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>He@LTH Information on the Internet</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00001406/01/Online_support_groups.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 March 2006.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrohol2004" class="citation web cs1">Grohol, John M. (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114064133/http://psychcentral.com/archives/support_groups.htm">"What to Look for in Quality Online Support Groups"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/archives/support_groups.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPowellAileen_Clarke2002" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, John; Aileen Clarke (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761925">"The WWW of the World Wide Web: Who, What, and Why?"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>. <b>4</b> (1): e4. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.4.1.e4">10.2196/jmir.4.1.e4</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761925">1761925</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11956036">11956036</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dean-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeanPottsBarker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, J; Potts, HWW; Barker, C (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887661">"Direction to an Internet Support Group Compared With Online Expressive Writing for People With Depression And Anxiety: A Randomized Trial"</a>. <i>JMIR Mental Health</i>. <b>3</b> (2): e12. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fmental.5133">10.2196/mental.5133</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887661">4887661</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27189142">27189142</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsCalearBanfield2009" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, KM; <a href="Alison_Calear" title="Alison Calear">Calear, AL</a>; Banfield, M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802256">"Systematic review on Internet Support Groups (ISGs) and depression (1): Do ISGs reduce depressive symptoms?"</a>. <i>J Med Internet Res</i>. <b>11</b> (3): e40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.1270">10.2196/jmir.1270</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802256">2802256</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19793719">19793719</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsMackinnonCrispChristensen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, KM; Mackinnon, AJ; Crisp, DA; Christensen, H; Bennett, K; Farrer, L (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532446">"The effectiveness of an online support group for members of the community with depression: a randomised controlled trial"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e53244. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...753244G">2012PLoSO...753244G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053244">10.1371/journal.pone.0053244</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532446">3532446</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23285271">23285271</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Psychotherapy184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br>behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_counseling" title="Telephone counseling">Telephone therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li>

<li><a href="R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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